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PARTICULARITY OF POSITION’S MODIFICATIONS AND DIFFERENTIATION OF FOCUS IN JOSEPH BRODSKY’S POEM “THE GREAT ELEGY TO JOHN DONNE” // ΠΡΑΞΗMΑ. Journal of Visual Semiotics. 2015. Issue 2 (4). P. 103-114

The article is devoted to investigation of literary work as a summary of different outlooks or positions of an author: modifications of outlooks (material and psychological) and focusing, consideration’s focus on object or on a complex of objects. The article deals with correlation between position’s modifications in a literary work and direction of reader’s consideration. In order to identify and to distinguish different types of such kind of modifications the article proposes the typology of position’s modification. The proposed typology differs with parallel speculations developed within narratology on it’s greater differentiation of the main types of modifications and, therefore, more detail analysis of a literary work. The analysis results are presented in the form of a two-level scheme demonstrating sequentially changing of viewpoint and focus.

Keywords: position, viewpoint, narratology, consideration’s directionality, counterpoint, focalization

SPATIAL ICONS OF DEESIS AND ANGELIC LITURGY, IMAGE-PARADIGM OF HEAVENLY TEMPLE // ΠΡΑΞΗMΑ. Journal of Visual Semiotics. 2019. Issue 2 (20). P. 119-137

This article presents the research of features of hierotopy in apocalypses of medieval Russia. The concept of hierotopy was proposed by Alexei Lidov in 2002. This term means both a process of creation of sacred spaces (understood as a special kind of creativity) and a field of research, devoted to this process and related phenomena. Hierotopy initially was designed to study complex phenomena of iconography, temple architecture and religion. In order to describe previously obscure features and phenomena such terms as ‘spatial icons’ and ‘image-paradigms’ were designed. The term ‘spatial icon’ is understood as a dynamic sacred space created through religious ceremony, when a breathing environment of conducted ritual (with all its elements, participants and surroundings) is seen as a one complex spatial image. The most prominent examples of spatial icons are the ritual with Hoedegetria of Constantinople and medieval Russian ritual of “Donkey walk”. Imageparadigm is an initial sacred space ordered by God himself which is later recreated in other sacred spaces. We can see this phenomenon in attempts to recreate the image of the Holy Land in other places (like in the New Jerusalem monastery in Russia) or in a vision of byzantine temples seen as images of Heavenly Jerusalem. Later, hierotopical studies turned to investigate literature. However these studies rarely covered basic hierotopical phenomena such as image-paradigms and spatial icons. This article explores the image-paradigm of Heavenly Temple and two types of spatial icons. Image-paradigm of Heavenly Temple can be found in the Apocalypse of Abraham, Slavonic book of Enoch and in the Ascension of Isaiah. This image was initially designed in the First book of Enoch in which it echoes the structure of the Jerusalem Temple and the wilderness tabernacle, but also demonstrates its own specific characteristics which then are recreated in the images of Heavenly Temple in the apocalypses mentioned above. Spatial icons of deesis (“Descent of the Virgin into Hell”, “The apocalypse of Paul”) and heavenly liturgy (“The Ascension of Isaiah”, “Slavonic book of Enoch”) are different in their relation to Heavenly Temple. Angelic liturgy is always located in Heavenly Temple and is a remarkable part of this image. Deesis on the other hand isn’t linked to any particular location. They are also different in their relation to narrative as a whole and have a different function in its development. The expansion of deesis is consistent and gradual, deterministic in a turning of its stages. Development of this type of spatial icon sets up a culmination for a storyline and drives the plot itself (the wicked punished in hell receive mercy as a consequence of deesis’ development). Angelic liturgy, on the contrary, moves along a storyline, its culmination is more of a marker of a storyline’s culmination than the means of achieving it.

Keywords: hierotopy, spatial icon, image-paradigm, deesis, angelic liturgy, Heavenly Temple, medieval Russian apocalypses